I promise that I will always remember to make everything private.This is important because that way ,nowbody can change anything in my acount or in any aother acount ,.
I will not write nasty things in the web.This is important because you have to respect everybody.
I will always do my best to improve my work.This is important because that way ill put more interesting things and make a good web.
When I am online, I will always be aware of everything.This is important because that way you will be alert and prepeared of anything.
In order to make the internet a better place, I will be respectfull,and wont start any fight.This is important because this waqy you avoid conflicts.
If I ever encounter [insert an issue or problem here], I will try to fix it telling the teacher and seing sorry.This is important because you are sincere.
One way I can be safe online is to inform the adults abuot any problem.This is important because they can help you.
I will make an effort and do all the tasks.This is important because ill make a better work,have a better mark,and wuold have more posibilities to win the travel.
In order to be a better Digital Citizen, I will be polite.This is important because it is more respecfull and better in work.
One thing I will always remember to do is to close my acaunt.This is important because i will mantain my privicy.
The europeans knew very little territories of the world.They knew the territories that surronded the Mediterranean Sea,wich was divided into diferent countries,(cristians and muslims), and they were also aware of three continents:
Europe
Asia ( India,China,and Japan)
Africa (the northen part)
Image result for map the world before 1450
Map of the world before 1492
They knew these territories thanks to routes,such as the silk route discovered by Marco Polo, and the route of the spices,that lead to India.Euroneans knew very little about these territories,they didnt know about the south of Africa, Asia (excep for India,China and Japan),Oceania, America, The south and the north Poles... They also knew these territorities that appear on the map , because of the medieval travelers.
They though taht Jerusalen was in the middle, and the people that lived arround the mediterranean sea also think that they lived in the center of the world.
They also though that the earth was flat, and that the limits of the end of the world was in the south of Africa (wich they didnt knew yet),they also though that the other limit of the world was in the eastern part of Asia ,(wich they didnt know),they also didnt know america oceania.
But,why didnt they explore frecuently?
The main reasons are:
They were afraid of sea monsters
As they though the world was flat,they feared the limits
They also feared going south,because they tough that the water would became boiling if they contuinued sailing south ( the ecuator)
They didnt had prepared ships to sail
They didnt had precised maps
They didnt had geographical technology,such as the compass
In that age, scurvy ,a disease cuase by the lack of C vitamin,was very frecuently in the ships and could be mortal
But there were some brave and adventurous people with revolutionary ideas that changed the world...
Discoverers
The first route to Asia
Marco Polo: Famous Medieval Traveler
Marco Polo, who traveled extensively in the 13th Century, remains one of history's most famous explorers. A book describing his travels was, for a time, one of the most well-known works in all of Europe.
As is the case for many things in the early Middle Ages, some details about Polo's life and travels are sketchy. For example, historians don't agree on where he was born. He is known to have grown up in Venice, but some historians think that he was born not in Venice but in the town of Curzula, on an island that is now part of Croatia. He is often said to have been born in 1254, but not all historians agree on that date, either.
What is known with relatively certainty is that Marco's father, Niccolo, was away for all of Marco's childhood. In fact, Niccolo, a successful merchant, wasn't around when Marco was born: Niccolo and his brother Maffeo had set out on a trade journey to Asia. They were gone for many years, returning when Marco was 15. Marco's mother had died, and Marco grew up living with another uncle and his wife. Young Marco was a good learner; and by the time his father returned, Marco had learned many of the same merchant skills that his father had possessed in abundance.
In 1271, when was Marco was 17 and his father had been home for two years, Niccolo and Maffeo set off from Venice on another journey to Asia, this time taking Marco with them. The travels that followed, along with a few that happened just before, make up the large part of Marco Polo's famous book, The Travels of Marco Polo. When it was published, early in the 14th Century, the book was extremely widely read, and many people refused to believe Polo's claims of having seen and done so much. Foremost among the charges was that Polo didn't go all the way to China, as he claimed in the book.
Other descriptions of seemingly fantastical things and events turned other people into skeptics about the veracity of Polo's claims as well. Subsequent historical research over the years, however, has confirmed the truth of many things that Polo described. Whether or not he went himself to China, he certainly proved that he knew a lot about China, the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan, and much more.
It is also worth noting that many scholars cannot agree on what is a definitive version of Marco Polo's story. Some historians report that as many as 150 different versions in several languages (with slight variations due to errors during copying or translation) have existed in the centuries since the book was first printed.
Marco and his father and uncle were away for 24 years; when they returned, Venice was at war with nearby Genoa. Marco went to war and was captured, ending up in prison. It was during his imprisonment that he told his story to his fellow cellmate Rustichello da Pisa, who, after being released himself, published Marco's story for the world.
The book begins with an account of the previous travels of Niccolo and Maffeo, who had met the ruler of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan. In an effort to learn more about the West, Khan had sent Niccolo and Maffeo back to the West, on two errands: They were to bring back 100 Christian priests, who would exchange knowledge with the Khan's wise men; and they were to bring back some sacred oil from Jerusalem, one of Christianity's most sacred places. Niccolo and Maffeo stopped off in Venice on this journey, and that's where they met Marco, now aged 15.
Equipped with the sacred oil but only two priests (and Marco, of course), Niccolo and Maffeo set back out on the return journey to the Khan. They rode on camels to the port of Hormuz. They traveled through dangerous lands and savage deserts, most notably the huge Gobi. They went to famous places like Singapore and Sumatra and, so the book tells us, eventually to Xanadu, the summer palace of Kublai Khan, where they stayed for many years. The book says that Marco became one of the Khan's trusted advisers, representing him in journeys to other lands and, at one point, even gaining the post of tax collector in one of the larger cities.
Much of the doubt on the veracity of Marco Polo's claims of having lived at the court of Kublai Khan for so long is based on what was not in the book. For example, Marco doesn't once mention the Great Wall of China, one of the modern Wonders of the World. Also, nowhere in the book does he mention chopsticks, with which most Chinese would have been eating. Claims in support of his visiting China (which include explanations for the aforementioned omissions) are as numerous as those doubting his visit, so it is difficult to know where the truth lies. The book is certainly filled with enough detail to prove that if Marco Polo himself didn't travel to China, he had had long conversations with someone who did and was willing to share the information that made it into the book.
At any rate, all three Polos had returned safely to Venice, and Niccolo and Maffeo had managed to avoid being captured during the conflict that saw Marco taken prisoner. When Marco was released, his joined his father and uncle in the merchant business; although none of them set foot on another journey, they managed to make lots of money and Marco was well off. It didn't hurt that he was well-known for the book that bore his name. His book included a wealth of details about the life and culture of people in the East. His descriptions of life in China include details about paper currency (which would have been a novelty in medieval Europe), a vast canal-based transportation system, a very efficient communication system, and fine silk garments that showed off the wearers' enormous wealth. Through his book and its enormous popularity, Marco Polo is quite possibly the most famous traveler because of the famous route of the silk road.
In 1300, Marco got married. He and his wife, Donata Badoer, had three daughters together.
In 1323, nearly 70, Marco Polo was taken ill. He died early in 1324. In the period in between, several people tried to get him to confess that he had invented many details in his famous book, which some had taken to calling Il Milione ("The Million Lies").
He refused to make any such confession; on the contrary, his famous deathbed quote was this: "I have not told half of what I saw."
The silk route
The Silk Road was a historical network of trade routes that stretched from China to the Mediterranean Sea, allowing cultural and economic interaction between East and West. Begun in the 2nd Century B.C., the Silk Road carried goods, ideas, and even illness for thousands of miles between great civilizations for more than a thousand years. The name (a popular variant of which is the Silk Route), however, is a modern construct, the creation of Germany's Ferdinand von Richthofen, who traveled to China several times in the second half of the 19th Century
Reasons to explore
In the 15 century the europeans did many maritime routes, and there were many reasons for this.
They need to find new trade routes to the east
As the Turks had invaded constantinopla (the muslims) , europeans had to pay expensive prices to trade with Asia. The europeans ,the welthy ones, love some of the products that only came from Asia , like spices as the pepper or ginger, or wearing silk, also because of the jewels like the esmerald and the rubi that came from the india.Trading was the main reason of exploration for the europeans.
Image result for esmeralda en bruto
Spreading christianity
Many christians believed that if they converted all the people that were no christians they could take over the non christians.
Conquering new lands
many christians went to the new territories discovered, from all the social estates, searching for a better life in those territories. In which they didnt had to work , and in which they would baceme richer.They used the natives to work for them abussing from them.
Technology advance
New instruments had been invented in the 15 century that make navigation easier such as the:
The Portulan charts
That were developted maps from the Portugueses that showed with exactitude all the obstacles of the coasts.
The caravel
Which was a developted boat , of an crew of 30 men, that could travel longer distances , was faster than the other boats and also had cannon to protect itself.
The compass
That was an navigational and geographical instrument that showed the north the south the west and the east pointing them with needels.
The rudder
Which was an navigational development which consisted of a roud pice of would attached to the ship that make easier conrolling the ship
The astrolabe
Which was a geographical instrument that consisted on finding your position on the earth thanks to the location of the stars
PREZI ABOUT THE SPANISH AND PORTUGALS ROUTES
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the conquistadors
the conquistadors were castilian people from all social estates who travelled to the new lands that had been discovered by Cristobal Colombus , in order to look for a better life where they did not have to work.
AND , Huayna Cápac ¡¡¡an incan who sufered the conqist¡ the emperor¡¡¡ ( aplause )
interviewer- Hello, how are you?
H,F,HE,Y-Fine, thankyou.
i- today i am going to ask you about the conquist that occur after the discover of america by Cristobal Colombus.The most famous conquist, speciffictly. But first, i would like to start with Hernán Cortés and with Yerazti. Tell me, Mr Hernán, how did you managed to conquer the Aztec Impere? Are you proud of it?
HE- of course¡¡ ( laugh ) Well, amid the tumult of prophecies that warn the emperor moctezuma II of the arrival of '' white bearded men from the east '' ( laugh)within the intention to conquer the Aztec Empire, the bad omens materialized with my arrival .518 infants, 16 riders and 13 arcabuceros on the Mexican coast in 1549 after several months of battles against minor tribes on my way to the Aztec capital , made a radical decission to destroy the ships that ratted my intentions . or you were rich, or you dont return to Cuba ( laugh). From the beginning of the exploration, a group of Spaniards called - the Velázquez, for their loyalty to the gobernor of Cuba Diego de Velázquez, argued back asap and do not penetrate more in a land that was considerable dominated by the most powerful and largest empire, North America.
I proposed to go to Mexico. And that would follow me all though not wished i remember breaking ships, strong and dangerous things and great loss. On N ovember 8, 1519 began the final journey to Tenochtitlan, 400 surviving Spaniards, accompanied by 15 horses and several guns, which would be history as primarily responsible for the collapse of the Mexican state. At first glance, one might think i beleived me the modern Spartan King Leonidas, that stopped for a few days the Persian Empire at Thermoplylae accompanied by only 300 men and had planned to immolate voluntarily Huichilobos the awful ( the main deity of the Mexica ). But appearances are often deceiving my friend. You see, it was not improvising, i knew very well my advantages, i had taken note of the weakness of my gigantic enemy.
The Aztec Empire was the most powerful political formation of the continent, according to estimates, was populated by 15 million souls and controlled from the city - state of Tenochtitlan-, which flourished in the fourthteenth century. Using the military superiority of his wariors, the Aztecs and their allies established a system of domination through the payment of taxes on many peoples, especially in central Mexico, the region of Guerrero and the Gulf Coast of Mexico as well as some areas of Oxaca. I soon realized that the hatred of the oppressed peoples could be used in Spanish benefit. On my way to Tenochtitlan, the conquerors we support the Totonac native city Cempoala, which thus be freed of Aztec oppression. And after military impose other native people, the Tlaxcalans, the Spaniards ,we, incorporate our troops , thousands of warriors of this ethnic group. My plan to defeat an army that was beyond me disproportionately in number, was cemented to incorporate their hosts local soldiers. So together we formed 400 and 1300 Spaniards and 1000 Indian warriors porters, who made our way too the capital strengh. With my alliances, it can be said that the conquest of Mexico baceme, somehow, i a war of liberation against the Mexican villages Aztec rule. Besides the common hatred against terror sown by the Aztecs, I saw another sign of weakness in the imperial system and exploded to its conclusion . Moctezuma II -considered a great monarch due to its reform of the central administration and tributario- system is seduced , like snakes , for me and was yielding to his words , in many cases with veiled threats , ending captive in their own palace. My figure has since been demonized by this double political game with the candid emperor, but it should be remembered , so do the chronicles of Bernal Diazdel Castillo and Lopez de Gomara, the difficult situation in which we were Hispanic . We were in an exaggerated outnumbered, away from any base where shelter and dealing with a people that still practiced human sacrifice.Despite the growing unease our actions, Moctezuma went to my request a conciliatory speech to his people where he was recognized as a vassal of Charles I and asked render obedience to foreigners. Not surprisingly, when we planned our way out of town came news that Governor Diego Velázquez , unaware that Carlos I had given his personal approval to the company, seized on the island of Cuba my goods and organized an army consisting of 19 ships, 1,400 men, 80 horses and twenty pieces of artillery with a mission to capture me . I was forced to leave the city , along with 80 men , to face the group sent by Velázquez.After a surprise attack , I set myself to his countrymen, who also surpassed me in number by lot and was able to return months later with some reinforcements to Tenochtitlan , where I found a city in revolt against the Spaniards, who after rumors of conspiracy had ordered the death Aztecs some notable that seemed suspicious . For a few days , Europeans tried to use Montezuma to calm down , but to no avail .
Y-Moctezuma went to one of the walls of the palace to speak to his people and reassure them ; however, the angry crowd started throwing stones, one of which struck the Aztec leader of gravity during his speech. The emperor died three days later from the wound and, invoking the friendship that had begun with Cortés , asked that favored his son Chimalpopoca name after his death.
HE-Yes, thats true.
Y-In the call Noche Triste , the June 30, 1520 , Cortés and his men were forced to flee in disorder of the city, besieged by us, the Aztecs, we cause them hundreds of casualties. However , a few days after the battle of Otumba , where the Spaniards realized the military superiority of European techniques was fought .
I- And how were they able to conquer you? what were the things that make them better and sronger than you, so much powerful as to conquer you? What did you thought?
Y- Well , they were obiusly more powerfull because of many reasons.They had horrses. Horses were important because they were introducedby the Spanish, so the Americans did not know them, the closets animal we had were the Alcapas, which can only lift 50 kilos, so horses for them were really strong, who can lift more kilos. In terms of war and exploration, horses provide an extremely valuable resorce. They also had better weapons. Spanish had better weapons,Europeans have a long history in metalworking allowing the ability to create high quality swords and spears. This technology organized in the Fertile Crescent around 7000 years ago, easily travelled to Europe, but of course, never came to America. So it was cooper against steel, which cooper was worse also the conquistadors carried guns, which werent that great at the momment, but they were something new for us, so they scared us.The division of American Tribes. also affected us. The large number of tribes that existed in America also meant that there were many rivalities and confflicts between the tribes. Conquistadors were able to exploit this and hire native to flight against other Americans . For example, over 90 porcent of the Cortes army consisted of native Americans when he conquered us , as he has just said.And the last thing that make the Eropeans better, was these secret weapon, the disease. Europeans carried germs that were deadly for us. Eropeans had developted an inmunity to these deseases but also animals carried it, and we did not had any source of animals, and these desease killed 95 porcent of the population in America.... ( cries ) sorry... i just remembered the deaths of my family and friends.
I- its OK..OK. OK?
HE- And all those things as Yerezti said, led to the conquist. And thats how i, Hernán Cortés, conquered the Aztec empire¡
I- Well, thats a really interesting fact. Now Huanya, tell me, how was it for the Incas?
H-Inca mean boss, and only applied to them, not all people. The Inca was therefore the king, or emperor if he was conquering territories . The word " Quechua " is also poorly translated , it means farmland between 1000 and 3000 m in no case use it to refer to their language . The term they use to describe their language is runa- simi, or tongue of men.Pachacuti Yupanqui (1438-1471) , ninth Inca ruler , one who became the Inca Empire village . Quechuas lived north allies who shared his tongue. There was another town that grew in power and conquest : the Chanca , a confederation of tribes that had defeated the Quechua while ruling Viracocha, the eighth Inca ruler. Pessimistic about the danger , Viracocha decided to protect a high city with his son Urco , who had delegated power. But another son , Yupanqui , gathering some noble surprisingly managed to win the Chanca , defeating his boss. Viracocha , jealous, wanted to kill him, but Sepa- Inca Yupanqui was proclaimed under the new name of Pachacuti ( transformer) .PachacutiLa Legend has it that the army that formed Pachacuti was sent by the creator that transformed the stones warriors. A Pachacuti (or Pachacutec ) only lacked beat the Collas (or Aymara , located in part of what is now Bolivia ) ; the beat and also underwent tribute to all indigenous communities to the sea. In addition to conquer and pacify its territory , ruled Pachacuti , legislated and organized his people, and built a lot. It was the best of the Inca rulers. The Temple of the Sun, which symbolized the wealth and power of the Incas was rebuilt by him. In 1471 handed over power to his son after thirty years in power , conquest and construction; his son , Tupac ( Tupac ) Yupanqui annexed what is now Ecuador his empire, subjugating the fearsome Canaris , who then help the Spaniards.The last campaign Tupac Yupanqui was the conquest of Chile to the Maule river. He died in 1493. His successor was me , Huayna Capac ( " rich young virtues " ) . I had plenty to branch out as it is almost impossible faced two constraints : the Amazonian jungles east and south araucanas forests . However , I managed to preserve the hegemony of the empire , fighting insurgencies like some Quitus . I managed to get to Colombia , seizing booty turquoise after putting the tribes of the northern coasts of Ecuador.And i cant tell more, you know.
I- Francisco, tell me about your remarcable conquist, please.
F- In 1502 , I arrived at America in the expedition of Nicolas de Ovando , the new governor of Spanish .In 1508 , King Ferdinand subjected to contest the conquest of the mainland . Two new governorates were created in the lands between the ends of the Vela ( Colombia ) and Thank God ( on the border between Honduras and Nicaragua ) . The Gulf of Urabá was taken as limit of two governorates : Nueva Andalucía east , governed by Alonso de Ojeda , and Veragua west , governed by Diego de Nicuesa .In 1509 , there was an expedition commanded by degree and Mayor of Nueva Andalucía Martín Fernández de Enciso that came to the aid of his superior , Governor Alonso de Ojeda. Ojeda along with seventy men , had founded the town of San Sebastián de Urabá in Nueva Andalucía , where after the city of Cartagena de Indias would rise ; However , near the hotel there were many warlike Indians who used poisonous weapons, and Ojeda was wounded leg. Soon after, Ojeda was removed on a boat to the Spanish , leaving the property in my charge , which at that time was not more than a soldier awaiting the arrival of the expedition Enciso . Ojeda asked me to stay with a few men for fifty days in the village, or that otherwise will use all means to return to the Spanish .I participated in the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda who explored Central America and Colombia ( 1510 ) and then in the Vasco Nunez de Balboa culminating in the discovery of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean later ) in 1513 .In January 1519, I arrested Vasco Nunez de Balboa in order of Pedro Arias de Avila, governor of Castilla de Oro. From 1519-1523 , I was encomendero and mayor of Panama . Almagro 's economic situation and mine was loose . I was one of the inhabitants of Panama less affluent , as the case of the famous hired to discover Peru reached , both partners could not put anything other than your personal industry and experience.
With the surrender of Toledo, 1529, signed by Isabel de Portugal with the authority of King Charles I, domain rights over the area of Peru that had explored five years earlier. The territory than my going from the Santiago River (Río de Tempula) in Colombia, to Cuzco.In 1532 sailed from Panama City with 180 soldiers and landed near Tumbes, in what is now Peru and then part of the Inca empire called Tawantinsuyu and stretched from Colombia to Chile with a population of 12 million people. had interests of territorial conquest, as it had permission from the King of Spain Carlos I to do, and accumulation of gold, which would deliver a portion of the King of Spain. For the Inca gold was linked more sacred than economic. The Incas believed that one day God Viracocha return from the land of the rising sun, a god who had white beard and green eyes and gone across the Pacific Ocean to return in times of great need. The burial chambers of the Mochica Indians, Lords of Sipan, who had lived in the area 500 years before, had large amounts of gold and silver that the Incas did not narrate it to the Spaniards but they found some on your route. The Spaniards found ourselves often ruins of the Moche, where we sought shelter at night. We seek and find food to cook potatoes. They found some small figures of gold and native guides promised to take us in search of the kingdom of Atahualpa.Atahualpa knew he had arrived and I went to his kingdom and spies Inca king followed the route being advised from my distances with mirrors. The tayanes Indians had told Atahualpa that the Spanish were gods , because his white skin , their beards , their shining armor and large ships had come in from the Pacific Ocean.Atahualpa believed these reports that the Spaniards were gods and took it for a good omen. Then the area lived a civil war for succession Inca emperor Huayna Capac died of smallpox. There was a clash between their successors, the Sapa Inca Atahualpa and his brother Huascar.I was invited by Atahualpa to meet the Inca fortress of Cajamarca , through a very close friend to him outfall. The envoy met with the Spanish in addition to lead Boxes and gifts ( skinned duck shaped vessels strength , etc. ) measured the forces of Spanish and invited me to continue their march through the valley of Chancay , near the village of Chongoyape to Cajamarca to meet with Atahualpa. I agreed and sent a thin shirt Holland and two glasses of glass Inca as a gift. So , I went into Inca territory with 168 soldiers and 37 horses , I went to Cajamarca.The Spaniards, on reaching the Incas cores we saw that it was an advanced civilization with irrigation systems, a rich culture and a powerful army. Upon reaching the strength of Cajamarca is found almost empty, and explore restless fearing an ambush. However Atahualpa was in a nearby spring with her sister without worrying at all by our presence. Atahualpa wanted to talk to so I sent emissaries. The meeting took place between the king and my envoys was very tense. Atahualpa and his men put on their best clothes in the reception and had a serious pose. The Incas had never seen horses, so that the Spaniards decided to stay in our saddles and encabritarlos and make neighing in the presence of the Inca monarch. Atahualpa responded drinking the skull of an executed prisoner. Subsequently, offered golden bowls Spaniards we drank. Finally, he promised to go to Cajamarca the following day to meet with me.The explorers had counted at least 30,000 Inca warriors, so start a military conquest would be impossible. On the night of November 16, 1532 pray thinking it would be the last time. A morning siguientenos prepare for battle and hid in a courtyard to wait. Later, came thousands of unarmed Inca soldiers and surrounded us. Then came a parade of hundreds of servants clearing the way for passage of King Atahualpa, who was raised on a golden throne surrounded by their leaders. Then the chaplain of the Spaniards approached the throne with a cross and a Bible and asked the King to retract his pagan beliefs and accept baptism and the authority of the King of Spain Carlos I. Atahualpa took the Bible, examined without understanding anything put and threw down, which was interpreted as blasphemy by the Spanish and ordered to open fire. The Spaniards then we get our special swords and started a massacre and took prisoner Atahualpa (16 November 1532).He was confined in a room Cajamarca with his three wives and let him continue driving their affairs of government. I also did the Inca Atahualpa learn the Spanish language and made him learn to read and write. Thus, it was possible to communicate with the Inca king, informing me of sites where there is gold. In addition, games played board games with the Indian king. my men undertook explorations in search of the precious metal. In one of them got to meet the fortress of Sacsayhuaman, where groups of Incas resisted the Spanish. The Spaniards attacked and conquered the fortress. In our expeditions the Spaniards found deserts, salt and even eastward explored in the Amazon jungle.To create a closer link Atahualpa offered me his favorite sister in marriage, Quispe Sisa, daughter of the Inca emperor Huayna Capac. I did baptize as Inés Huaylas and had two children with her: a first daughter called like me, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and Gonzalo, who died young. I kept a close alliance with the nobility of Cuzco, in favor of Huascar, which allowed him to complete the conquest of Peru. After naming a brother of Inca Atahualpa, Tupac Hualpa, went to Cuzco, capital of the Inca Empire, which held in November 1533. His brother John was appointed alderman of the city.
I- Well, that is very sexists, and nowadays we do not approve that, but continue.Woman are free.
F- Atahualpa asked me to fill the room where he was imprisoned, known Ransom Room, twice, once with gold and one silver in exchange for his freedom, which I accepted. The subjects brought gold on fire for three months to Cajamarca from all parts of the kingdom to save his life. They finally managed to gather 84 tons of gold and 164 plata.10 I ordered the execution of Atahualpa, while imprisoned. Despite having received the highest in history rescue, I sent ajusticiar night July 26, 1533 on charges of rebellion, polygamy, worship of false idols and for having ordered the execution of Huascar. In addition, it was believed that he had sent an army to fight against the Spaniards from the south to the north commanded by General Calcuchimac. He was offered being burned alive or converted to Christianity and being strangled and chose strangulation. He was strangled in the post, after the priest to baptize him giving the Christian name of Francisco. That night thousands of subjects Atahualpa killed themselves to follow their lord to another world.On January 18, 1535, I founded the city on the coast of the Kings, soon known as Lima and Trujillo, bringing the effective colonization of the conquered territories began. Meanwhile, my brother Hernando, who had gone to Spain to deliver the Fifth King to the crown, returned carrying the title of Marquis for me, and the advance to Almagro, which had been granted 200 miles south of the territory attributed to me.Almagro, considering that Cuzco was within its jurisdiction dismissed Juan Pizarro and imprisoned with his brother Gonzalo. I went from Lima and signed an agreement with Almagro in Cuzco, after which Almagro left for Chile.Back from his unsuccessful expedition, Almagro is reoccupy Cuzco, which defended by their ruler Hernando Pizarro, was resisting a long siege by the Incas rebels commanded by Manco Inca, who had managed to escape the Spanish.Meanwhile I in Lima also suffered the siege of the city by Quizu Yupanqui, general and relative of Manco Inca, who after being about to take the capital was killed in battle. The my victory in Lima due to its strategic alliance with the ethnic lords enemies of the Incas. In this particular case I emphasized the alliance with the chief of Huaylas. These came to Lima with five thousand men, who fought with the Spaniards in the defense of Lima against the fence and attack Quizu Yupanqui.After the arrival of Almagro to Cuzco, Manco Inca lifted the siege, which took Almagro to imprison Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. After defeating the lieutenant of Pizarro, Alonso de Alvarado, in Rota Abanday, reach a new agreement with Pizarro in Mala (1537), whereby Hernando is released.Peace was short and both sides face again in the battle of Salinas (1538), near Cuzco. The almagristas are defeated and Diego de Almagro prosecuted, sentenced to death and executed by Hernando Pizarro in the Plaza Mayor of Cuzco (July 8, 1538).After the death of Almagro, Pizarro set about consolidating the colony and encourage settlement activities (sends his brother Gonzalo Quito and Pedro de Valdivia in Chile)However, supporters of his son Almagro Almagro the Younger, who gathered around, under the command of Juan de Rada enter my residence in Lima to kill the June 26, 1541 of a thrust in the neck.
I- so basicly In 1531 ,you set out to conquer the Inca Empire , which was very weak because of an epidemic and , above all, recent internal struggles for the throne. This explains why, although it was accompanied by a few men ,you could seize Atahualpa , the new Inca , who offered you a huge treasure in exchange for his freedom. You accepted the proposal , but once obtained these riches , you ordered his execution . Later, with the help of some people who were subject to the Inca domination , the conquerors advanced to Cuzco , the capital of the Empire, and then besiege , entered the city in triumph . Having secured the conquest of the land of the Incas, the Spanish organized several expeditions to subdue the south of the American continent.And you also participated in the conquest of Peru Diego de Almagro.
F- yes, thats it.
I- thankyou very much for coming, see you in the next inteview here, in Alicia's News SHOW, and today we are going to end our show with an especial gest, Macaco, with his new song, a big applause for him ¡¡¡
Good explorer, good sailor, but not a good governor
In America werent any cities constructed, so Colon had to found new cities.But it was very difficult, because the indians could rebel or they could choose a wrong place to assert the city.Like with '' La Nueva Isabella '' , that he had to move. You sume to this the desseases... Many people wanted tu return to the Iberian Peninsula , but few of them could survive.In order to the bad governation of Colon, many people started rebeling, until Colon tried to solve the situation bribing them, and more people started rebeling themselves.
Judge in ''Santo Domingo''
In 1500 Francisco De Bobadilla, went as a detectivve to America, to investigate about the business , as an expeditional way. He proclaimed himself emperor, sent executions, gave money, and deserted the Colons, telling them that they could not return.The Catholic monarchs sent him to destroy Colon with an enough quantity of money , and thats what he did.After being judged, Francisco died in a shipwreck and his accusations with him.Colon was sended again to the Iberrian Peninsula and was punished without proofs by the Ctholic Monarchs.
The charges against the governor
Isabelle Aguirre found 35 shits in which all the questions that the witnesses were submitted, of Colons judgement, were written. The first question consisted in if Colon had tried to rebel himself against the crown, that was not the case. The second question refer to the religion, on the way he applied the sacraments.All the witnesses confirmed that Colon prohibitted the sacraments, and threated the clergy to not to baptise the indians, to get control over them.The third question refered to how Colon made the judges. He preffered that the rebels died befor being judged.Executed because of seelling bread in the market, comnvened Fray Juan to wear shackless because of wanting to make justice complainning to the kings,,,etc
And for his defence, Colon said that if they sent the processes to the peninsula, it would take too long to arrive.A completely desaster.
A rarefied atmosphere
Impart justice was complicated, the Colons were diying of hunger , they were very corrupted, and punished harshly, to all the rebelsmotivated because of the people that said that Colon was going to be destruct.Colon, that wasant brave enough to punish the people in person, had many intermediantes, that were incharge of killing. They also punished harshly the sodonia. The three brothers lost themselves with the angry.Some punishments were justificated but others werent event fair.
Ruthless and greedy
Colons Witnesses claimed that the settlers tried to abuse and savagely punished without reason , unable to control the situation. And his worst quality , it was greed , money , for ejemplono distribute food to resell with predatory pricing, for pagarutilizaba exclavos , Indian and cristianoscondenados . El24 August 1500 , Bobadilla arrived in Santo Domingo and the first thing he saw was two nooses hung with Christians , and his visit was justified , although the performance of Bobadilla was exorbitant .
Colombus miths
In most countries of the American continent , every October 12 is celebrated the "Day of the Race" , also known as " Columbus Day " or even " Columbus Day " . Very special day , because in different regions of the continent different events unfold , we speak of the "discovery of America" and : either live as a single day of the year or talk all day about the big lie of Christopher Columbus .
The truth is that a lot, but really a lot of the talk about Columbus , is most exaggerated or pure hoax , a picturesque myth that lasted for years. Know some of the biggest myths about Christopher Columbus incredibly , still they hold today. Pay close attention ... perhaps in the coming days have to correct your teachers .
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Columbus did not try to prove that the Earth was round
The myth that Columbus wanted to prove that the Earth was round (not flat as the church authorities argued that defended creationism ) is the most common and frequent to talk about this personality , but the truth is that deep historical research has shown that this is fake. The fact that the Earth was not flat but round , it was learned thousands of years ago when several personalities of Ancient Greece ( Pythagoras, Aristotle and Eratosthenes , among others) mentioned in numerous writings .
In fact, only Columbus underestimated the circumference of the planet , he believed that Europe was much larger than it actually was and that Japan was much farther from China than it really was, thinking that if he sailed westward , would to Asia. Colón just got lucky ...
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Columbus was not the first European to reach America
As we saw when we talk about the many myths about the Vikings , one of the most spectacular and wonderful cultural groups that existed, these real experts of navigation were the first to arrive from Europe to America . They did long before Columbus and returned to Europe ( without appropriating anything).
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Nina and the Pinta were not the real names of the ships of Columbus
The lies and misconceptions about the voyages of Columbus come to the point that there are even mistakes regarding the names of the navigations. What we always said is that these were : the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria . The truth is that in the fifteenth century Spain , traditionally ships were called saints and only Saint Mary kept its official name. La Niña and La Pinta was the nickname sailors gave Santa Clara , while the real name of the Pinta was lost.
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Columbus did not discover America
should not be well to believe that a person may discover a continent where millions of people lived for thousands of years , they formed huge civilizations and cultures unique in history. As I mentioned , there is ample scientific evidence that the Vikings had reached this continent long before and the only place where Columbus landed ( believing he had reached Asia ), was the archipelago of the Bahamas.
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Columbus , according to some websites, did nothing really significant , died poor and unknown
Christopher Columbus was a stubborn guy who got lucky , but neither lasted long . He died at age 54 in Spain , poor and unknown , in a pigsty of Valladolid , after being detained for weeks by the Spanish Crown on charges of tyranny and brutality against indigenous peoples . In later form , he refused the gains claimed by " his discoveries " and had already promised my namesake King Ferdinand and Isabella .
Years later, his heirs demanded compensation to the royal crown and there were even several lawsuits , known as the Columbian lawsuits.
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Some videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iZfXTqpzYY
this video talks about the miths:
this video is not very nnice:
Colons Day
The second Monday of October everyone in the United States enjoy a day off , free from school and work, thanks to Columbus Day or Columbus Day.
But the real significance of this date has been lost over the years. There are even those looking to be left to celebrate his controversial connotation. Why?
What 's the occasion?
The October 12, 1492 Christopher Columbus , Italian navigator and explorer , reached the shores of the American continent with the three caravels (ancient craft ) called the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria . This would be the date officially taken as the discovery of America , which would result in the merger of cultures between Americans and Europeans who came to settle in the " new continent " natives.
How is it celebrated?
In some cities in the United States Columbus Day , which has also been named as Columbus Day in honor of Hispanic Heritage , held parades are alluding to the conquest of America , and in New York , where about 35,000 people They march showing allusive and representative of the festival floats clothing. It is also a date on which the Italian community in the United States celebrate their heritage through parades , meetings and special events.
Why is it controversial?
In recent times , the celebration of Columbus Day ( Columbus Day or Columbus Day ) has been considered a questionable holiday because it exalts the arrival of invading the American continent and for some represents the plundering and murder of natives of Europeans who then settled in their land under the pretext of having " discovered" a continent that already had developed a number of cultures for centuries. In any case , the fate of America and its inhabitants would have been very different if that visionary Christopher Columbus had not dreamed of a new route to India, if I had not believed that the world was round and there was still new ground discovered. For though Columbus never knew he came to America , their journey became our society where we are today, a great mix of cultures and races.
The famous Age of Discovery of the XV- XVI centuries served to advance significantly in the technological and cultural fields , demystifying and correcting many of the errors that were maintained over the long centuries of the Middle Ages. However , the old prejudices did not disappear immediately. Columbus took on his travels , including his illusions of trade and navigation innovative theories , many of these prejudices , some of which triggered a new mythology of the New World .
As is known , Columbus represents well the model of modern man. Like other men of his time , Admiral paradigmatically combines the mentality of the scientist, as questions and investigates the knowledge he possesses, the businessman , in that precise practicality to carry out their project.
Travel Notebooks Colon demonstrate his eagerness to read and how to put their knowledge to the service of his expedition to India. However , simultaneously , Columbus is the victim of a series of performances that will link with tradition of the medieval past with the new times. The combination , then, of criteria prosecute scientific knowledge (and updated ) with mythical or erroneous readings elements as training results in a curious mix of innovation and tradition that characterizes Christopher Columbus.
By historical relevance of his "discovery " (We agree that more accurately should talk about "meeting" ) , the figure of Columbus has been so hyped that somehow has become a mythical figure . Some news that grassroots know about Columbus are simply false . For example, the fact that Columbus was traveling to demonstrate the roundness of the Earth is a fallacy that starts from the biography he wrote with romantic overtones Washington Irving and film has recently disseminated among the public across the board.
Travel Notebooks Columbus show through training, and so we appreciate what Columbus writes critically and modern, almost humanistic spirit. Here we cited his lectures on natural science and geography, travel books and the Bible. Among the first Ptolemy his reading (in the Latin version of one of its commentators), which corrects even on occasion, and the Natural History of Pliny, quoted many times. Besides these books, which were obviously classics in time of Columbus, the admiral had read with interest the Historia rerum locate gestarum Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) and Imago mundi Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly (Petrus Alliaco) -both authors of the fifteenth century, as evidenced by the nearly 1800 Columbus made notes in the margins of respective units. As for travel books, chronicling Marco Polo must have been one of the favorite books of Columbus. Reading notes he made in his copy shows that Marco Polo is the source that knows what can depararle his journey to the East, which is the most expensive and extraordinary business and to establish which areas are higher and vicissitudes danger. When would check it out there ...
Nothing set foot on land, the Admiral is trying to find where he is . In his description of the first people he meets, Columbus refers specifically to skin color :
Thursday, 12 of octobre of 1492: "Ellos andan todos desnudos como su madre los parió, y también las mujeres, aunque no vide más de una farto moça, y todos los que yo vi eran mançebos, que ninguno vide de edad de más de XXX años, muy bien hechos, de muy fermosos cuerpos y muy buenas caras, (...) d'ellos son de color de los canarios, ni negros ni blancos..."
The color of these Indians must have been for Columbus one of the first signs to settle , then he should know Ptolemy 's comments that the further south are more black residents. The fact of skin color is like a test that is not found in the southern hemisphere. Here it almost gives the first reference thereof. Columbus insisted until the end of his fourth voyage to consider who had come to India , although a little crowded place. Actually , they should be Taino , that " the linguist are peoples of Arawak language , related to the indigenous people of Venezuela " . In this first contact, clearly it shows that the errors committed by Columbus think that is in the East (ie , in the land of the Great Khan , according to his reading of Marco Polo) are accentuated by communication problems :
Martes, 30 de octubre de 1492: "Los indios que ivan en la caravela Pinta dixeron que detrás de aquel cabo avía un río y del río a Cuba avía cuatro jornadas; y dixo el capitán de la Pinta que entendía que esta Cuba era çiudad y que aquella tierra era firme muy grande, que va mucho al Norte, y qu'el rey de aquella tierra tenía guerra con el Gran Can, al cual ellos llamaban Cami, y a su tierra o ciudad, Faba y otros muchos nombres"
Without doubt, the voice that used Cami indigenous -here perhaps castellanizada- was associated by Admiral Gran Can the voice . Given the problems of communication with the Indians of strange and difficult language, Columbus was the victim of more than a misunderstanding marked by prejudice available to your mind or imagination. There is another no less significant place :
Jueves, 1 de noviembre de 1492: "El Almirante no vido a alguno d'ellos oro, pero dize el Almirante que vido a uno d'ellos un pedaço de plata labrado colgado a la nariz, que tuvo por señal que en la tierra avía plata. Dixeron por señas que antes de tres días vernían muchos mercaderes de la tierra dentro a comprar de las cosas que allí llevan los cristianos y darían nuevas del rey de aquella tierra, el cual, según se pudo entender por las señas de davan, qu'estava de allí cuatro jornadas, porque ellos avían enbiado muchos por toda la tierra a le hazer saber el Almirante. 'Esta gente' dize el Almirante, (...) 'Toda la lengua también es una y todos amigos, y creo que sean todas esta islas, y que tengan guerra con el Gran Chan, a que ellos llaman Cavila y a la poblaçion Bafan. Y así andan también desnudos como los otros"
Another of the most surprising and curious of the Journal of Travel Columbus points is how the Admiral believed and feared an encounter with characters as impossible as the " Maneater " and " Man- Dog " . Old myths that get timely transpasar limit the Middle Ages. Again the readings that Columbus had before travel arise and visions materialize fully justified . In his notebooks we read that he has found " Maneater "
Cuarto viaje: "[Reino de Dragoyam]... gallinas muy grandes y la pluma como lana vide hartas; leones, cierbos, corços y otro tanto y assí aves. Cuando yo andava por aquella mar en fatiga, en algunos se puso heregía que estávamos enfechizados, que oy día está en ello. Otra gente fallé, que comían hombres: la desformidad de su gesto lo dice..."
Marco Polo had warned him of the danger. He read here :
"Cuando los habitantes de aquella región capturan a algún extranjero, si no pueden pagar rescate, lo matan y se lo comen"
And Columbus had written in the margin : "comen a los hombres"
Elsewhere, Marco Polo also warns:
" [ Kingdom of Suguy ] are most cruel men greatly. When you kill an enemy in combat , drink his blood and eat his blood"
And Columbus notes in the margin : " comen carne humana"
Equally to men - dog : sometimes Colón is predicted not to fall into this danger :
Domingo, 4 de noviembre de 1492: "El comandante de la Pinta dixo que avía hallado árboles de canela. Fue el Almirante luego allá y halló que no eran. Mostró el Almirante a unos indios de allí canela y pimienta, parez que de la que llevava de Castilla para muestra, y cognosciéronla, diz que, y dixeron por señas que cerca de allí avía mucho de aquello al camino del Sueste. Mostróles oro y perlas y respondieron ciertos viejos que en un lugar que llamaron Bohío avía infinito y que lo traían al cuello y a las orejas y a los braços y a las piernas, y también perlas. Endendió más, que dezían que avía naos grandes y mercaderías, y todo esto era al Sueste. Entendió también que lexos de allí avía hombres de un ojo y otros con hoçicos de perros que comían hombres, y que en tomando uno lo degollavan y le bevían la sengre y le cortavan su natura (...) Dize más el Almirante: 'Esta gente es muy mansa y muy temerosa, desnuda como tengo dicho, sin armas y sin ley"
Lunes, 26 de noviembre de 1492: "Toda la gente que hasta oy a hallado diz que tiene grandísimo temor de los de Caniba o Canima [sc. can], y dizen que biven en esta isla de Bohío, la cual debe de ser muy grande, según le pareçe, y cree que van a tomar a aquellos a sus tierras y casas, como sean muy cobardes y no saber de armas; y a esta causa le parece que aquellos indios que traía no suelen poblarse a la costa de la mar, por ser vezinos a esta tierra, los cuales diz que después que le vieron tomar la buelta d'esta tierra no podían hablar, temiendo que los avían de comer, y no les podía quitar el temor, y dezían que no tenían sino un ojo y la cara de perro; y creía el Almirante que mentían, y sentía el Almirante que devían de ser del señorío del Gran Can que los captibavan"
In the stories of the Colón trips Indies has read this reference to werewolves :
"Más allá [en la India] encontramos los bosques poblados por los enormes Cabezas de perro ('Cinocéfalos'), que trataban de atacarnos y huían ante los disparos de flechas"
And the notes from his reading of Marco Polo demonstrate that Columbus has news of "man- dog " in India :
"En esta región [en el reino de Lambri] hay una cosa muy de maravillar: existen muchso hombres que tienen cola como los perros, de un palmo de longitud; estos hombres con rabo no habitan en las ciudades, sino en los montes. Hay también muchos unicornios y otros muchos animales a maravilla"
Similarly fearing men - dog fears the unicorn , animal really "known" in the Middle Ages , of Columbus also had news and feared as a true wild monster. The admiral had news of it by Pliny , although probably not only because the fame of this bug was spread even by hagiographic stories, as evidenced , for example , the Life of Barlaam and Josaphat , where subtitled story included "Man and the Unicorn " originally from an ancient oriental tradition. But again Marco Polo had warned him of the danger :
"Después se encuentra la provincia de Mien, que confina con la India al mediodía, a través de la cual se va durante xv jornadas por lugares salvajes y boscosos donde abundan los elefantes, unicornios y otras fieras salvajes sin cuento; y no hay allí ningún poblado"
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"El reino de Bosman tiene lengua propia. Los hombres son muy bestiales; dicen que están sometidos al Gran Kan, pero no le rinden tributo. Sin embargo, alguna vez le envían joyas de animales salvajes. Hay allí unicornios muy grandes, que son poco menores que elefantes. El unicornio tiene pelo de búfalo, cara parecida a la del elefante y cabeza como el jabalí, que siempre lleva inclinada hacia el suelo; hace su cubil con preferencia en lodazales y es animal muy sucio. En medio de su frente sobresale un único cuerno, muy grueso y negro; tiene la lengua espinosa, erizada de grandes y gruesas púas, con las que causa muchas heridas a hombres y animales"
Although his grades Columbus proves to have knowledge of the unicorn, the animal, however, he is not comes into view on his trip to India. It was in the time of Columbus when the existence of the unicorn began to be seriously put into question, until gradually fell into discredit one of the most famous medieval myths. Between October and December 1991 in Salamanca could visit an exhibition entitled "The Century of Fray Luis de Leon. Salamanca and the Renaissance" in which it made clear that a long, sharp, spiral horn (bone 173x5,5cm .) was a narwhal tooth, a cetacean North Seas. Until the new technology of the XV-XVI centuries did more or less regular sea voyages across the Atlantic could not be verified that the horn owned pharmacies famous or lucky princes was not so, but the tooth of a narwhal. The exhibition catalog says: "[narwhal tooth] attributed to him, until the seventeenth century, supernatural properties and used to treat the most varied diseases; to concerse originally lost its high reputation". How they would not believe the existence of the unicorn if even those men who had possessed his horn? It is easy to find in medieval literature the fascination of seeing a unicorn, for which special conditions were required. Not everyone, therefore, had the good fortune to contemplate.
In fact, the Middle Ages was full of fantastic animals . Bestiaries , with collections of pictures and news about animals such , maintained the reality of such fiction, probably until the end of the Middle Ages , that is , again until technical developments allow greater permeability to nearby but unknown and mythical lands in Africa and Asia. Gradually, the bestiary happened to be only catalogs of fantastic animals , when they were books that shared his authority with natural sciences treaties before.
But they will not only " cheated " his lectures on geography and science. Besides Columbus believed to have come to Paradise described in the Bible , one of the most recurrent among Notebooks Travel and best studied subjects. Upon arrival and have the impression that it is a heavenly place :
12 de octubre de 1492: "Puestos en tierra vieron árboles muy verdes y aguas muchas y frutas de diversas maneras"
References to Paradise are continuous in the Handbook, and sometimes suspect that Columbus believed in this place :
Tercer Viaje: "Grandes indiçios son estos del Paraíso Terrenal, proqu'el sitio es conforme a la opinión d'estos sanctos e sacros theólogos. Y asimismo las señales son muy conformes, que yo jamás leí ni oí que tanta cantidad de agua dulçe fuese así adentro e vezina con la salda; y en ello ayuda asimismo la suavíssima temperançia. Y si de allí del Paraíso no sale, pareçe aún mayor maravilla, porque no creo que se sepa en el mundo de río tan grande y tan fondo"
But however much they want to say, Columbus reached no firm belief that those lands were literally treading the biblical Paradise :
Tercer Viaje: "Ya dixe lo que yo hallava d'este hemisperio y de la hechura, y creo que si yo passara por debaxo de la linea equinoçial, que en llegando allí en esto más alto, que fallara muy mayor temperançia y diversidad en las estrellas y en las aguas, no porque yo crea que allí, adonde es el altura del estremo, sea navegable, ni <a>gua, ni que se pueda subir allá; porque creo que allí es el Paraíso terrenal, adonde no puede llegar nadie salvo por voluntad divina"
This description , along with many others in his notebooks , matching the description of the Bible in Genesis (especially , 2, 9-13) . As he says , the most notable authorities have located Paradise in the East; but also he knows the descriptions of Marco Polo , who had known in India as a Paradise. As we see here , it is likely that Columbus used the issue of the location of Paradise as another argument to locate his expedition on the right track , as it traditionally thought in India. However , these arguments were developed largely by later chroniclers , to the point that gave rise to new "myths of discovery " as the Dorado , in that Paradise is closely related , and Amazon , which Bernardo de Balbuena came to power, " contemplate "
"Llegaron a tierra donde no vieron hombres, sino muchas mujeres, que los indios llaman Cuña Atenare, que quiere decir 'mugeres varoniles', y los christianos Amazonas. Estas tienen las tetas derechas chicas como los hombres con artificio, de modo que no crecen, para fijar las flechas, y las esquierdas largas como otras mugeres. Están armadas como los indios. Su reina se llama Cuña Muchú, que quiere decir 'muger' o 'señora grande', estava entonces en una isla del río"
When you finally realize that land by Christopher Columbus found the New World is taken , pens run scholars to justify neither the Scriptures nor the classical scholars and theologians of the Church fathers were confused in their claims. José de Acosta (1540-1600) significantly titled one of the chapters of his Natural and Moral History of the Indies , " the reason that took Augustine to deny the antipodes ; " In the opinion of the New World he had carca Aristotle, and what deceived him to deny " That is in the former any news of this New World " ; etc. Thus, errors that amended other errors were derived first .
Extra work
IMAGES ARE VERY HARMFULL AND NOT VERY NICE, WITH A LOT OF VIOLENCE, SO THERE WONT BE ANY HAMRFULL FOTOS
The inquisition
The Middle Ages was the golden age of the torturers and imagination in the service thereof, and overflowing to worsen to the fullest, in ventando the best and most practical means of torture
In many cases, torturers used to help animals in their torture , this is the case of the method of the goat, not missing any in the dungeons of European medieval castles. The victim 's legs were put in a trap , so it was impossible for the movement , and then smeared her feet with fat or salt. The goat began to lick with force and harshness of his tongue up the skin of the feet of the victim, causing terrible pain .
In ancient China and it records the torment of the rat did , although it was in the medieval West where he established himself . in this torture , he was placed on the abdomen of the victim at its base an open cage. Inside the rat that came to be disturbed by the torturers was primarily fire . The animal , terrified looking for ways to escape and ended up digging a tunnel into the bowels of the victim.
battles
WHO SAID IT WAS BORRING
ADVISE:
THESE IS FICTION, THIS ARE NOT THE REAL EVENT THAT OCCUR EXACLTY, IT IS A COMEDIUM REPRESENTATION OF WHAT HAPPENED
Table of Contents
CODE OF CONDUCT:
Welcome
The age of discoveries
What is the Age of Discovery?
The Age of Discovery is a period of European global exploration that started in the early 15th century with the first Portuguese discoveries in the Atlantic archipelagos and Africa, as well as the discovery of the Americas by Spain in 1492, and the Portuguese discovery of the ocean route to the East in 1498, and by a series of European naval expeditions across the Atlantic and later the Pacific, which continued until the 18th century.
How was the world before 1492?
The europeans knew very little territories of the world.They knew the territories that surronded the Mediterranean Sea,wich was divided into diferent countries,(cristians and muslims), and they were also aware of three continents:
They knew these territories thanks to routes,such as the silk route discovered by Marco Polo, and the route of the spices,that lead to India.Euroneans knew very little about these territories,they didnt know about the south of Africa, Asia (excep for India,China and Japan),Oceania, America, The south and the north Poles...
They also knew these territorities that appear on the map , because of the medieval travelers.
They though taht Jerusalen was in the middle, and the people that lived arround the mediterranean sea also think that they lived in the center of the world.
They also though that the earth was flat, and that the limits of the end of the world was in the south of Africa (wich they didnt knew yet),they also though that the other limit of the world was in the eastern part of Asia ,(wich they didnt know),they also didnt know america oceania.
But,why didnt they explore frecuently?
The main reasons are:
But there were some brave and adventurous people with revolutionary ideas that changed the world...
Discoverers
The first route to Asia
Marco Polo: Famous Medieval Traveler
As is the case for many things in the early Middle Ages, some details about Polo's life and travels are sketchy. For example, historians don't agree on where he was born. He is known to have grown up in Venice, but some historians think that he was born not in Venice but in the town of Curzula, on an island that is now part of Croatia. He is often said to have been born in 1254, but not all historians agree on that date, either.
What is known with relatively certainty is that Marco's father, Niccolo, was away for all of Marco's childhood. In fact, Niccolo, a successful merchant, wasn't around when Marco was born: Niccolo and his brother Maffeo had set out on a trade journey to Asia. They were gone for many years, returning when Marco was 15. Marco's mother had died, and Marco grew up living with another uncle and his wife. Young Marco was a good learner; and by the time his father returned, Marco had learned many of the same merchant skills that his father had possessed in abundance.
In 1271, when was Marco was 17 and his father had been home for two years, Niccolo and Maffeo set off from Venice on another journey to Asia, this time taking Marco with them. The travels that followed, along with a few that happened just before, make up the large part of Marco Polo's famous book, The Travels of Marco Polo. When it was published, early in the 14th Century, the book was extremely widely read, and many people refused to believe Polo's claims of having seen and done so much. Foremost among the charges was that Polo didn't go all the way to China, as he claimed in the book.
Other descriptions of seemingly fantastical things and events turned other people into skeptics about the veracity of Polo's claims as well. Subsequent historical research over the years, however, has confirmed the truth of many things that Polo described. Whether or not he went himself to China, he certainly proved that he knew a lot about China, the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan, and much more.
It is also worth noting that many scholars cannot agree on what is a definitive version of Marco Polo's story. Some historians report that as many as 150 different versions in several languages (with slight variations due to errors during copying or translation) have existed in the centuries since the book was first printed.
Marco and his father and uncle were away for 24 years; when they returned, Venice was at war with nearby Genoa. Marco went to war and was captured, ending up in prison. It was during his imprisonment that he told his story to his fellow cellmate Rustichello da Pisa, who, after being released himself, published Marco's story for the world.
The book begins with an account of the previous travels of Niccolo and Maffeo, who had met the ruler of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan. In an effort to learn more about the West, Khan had sent Niccolo and Maffeo back to the West, on two errands: They were to bring back 100 Christian priests, who would exchange knowledge with the Khan's wise men; and they were to bring back some sacred oil from Jerusalem, one of Christianity's most sacred places. Niccolo and Maffeo stopped off in Venice on this journey, and that's where they met Marco, now aged 15.
Equipped with the sacred oil but only two priests (and Marco, of course), Niccolo and Maffeo set back out on the return journey to the Khan. They rode on camels to the port of Hormuz. They traveled through dangerous lands and savage deserts, most notably the huge Gobi. They went to famous places like Singapore and Sumatra and, so the book tells us, eventually to Xanadu, the summer palace of Kublai Khan, where they stayed for many years. The book says that Marco became one of the Khan's trusted advisers, representing him in journeys to other lands and, at one point, even gaining the post of tax collector in one of the larger cities.
Much of the doubt on the veracity of Marco Polo's claims of having lived at the court of Kublai Khan for so long is based on what was not in the book. For example, Marco doesn't once mention the Great Wall of China, one of the modern Wonders of the World. Also, nowhere in the book does he mention chopsticks, with which most Chinese would have been eating. Claims in support of his visiting China (which include explanations for the aforementioned omissions) are as numerous as those doubting his visit, so it is difficult to know where the truth lies. The book is certainly filled with enough detail to prove that if Marco Polo himself didn't travel to China, he had had long conversations with someone who did and was willing to share the information that made it into the book.
At any rate, all three Polos had returned safely to Venice, and Niccolo and Maffeo had managed to avoid being captured during the conflict that saw Marco taken prisoner. When Marco was released, his joined his father and uncle in the merchant business; although none of them set foot on another journey, they managed to make lots of money and Marco was well off.
It didn't hurt that he was well-known for the book that bore his name. His book included a wealth of details about the life and culture of people in the East. His descriptions of life in China include details about paper currency (which would have been a novelty in medieval Europe), a vast canal-based transportation system, a very efficient communication system, and fine silk garments that showed off the wearers' enormous wealth. Through his book and its enormous popularity, Marco Polo is quite possibly the most famous traveler because of the famous route of the silk road.
In 1300, Marco got married. He and his wife, Donata Badoer, had three daughters together.
In 1323, nearly 70, Marco Polo was taken ill. He died early in 1324. In the period in between, several people tried to get him to confess that he had invented many details in his famous book, which some had taken to calling Il Milione ("The Million Lies").
He refused to make any such confession; on the contrary, his famous deathbed quote was this: "I have not told half of what I saw."
The silk route
The Silk Road was a historical network of trade routes that stretched from China to the Mediterranean Sea, allowing cultural and economic interaction between East and West. Begun in the 2nd Century B.C., the Silk Road carried goods, ideas, and even illness for thousands of miles between great civilizations for more than a thousand years. The name (a popular variant of which is the Silk Route), however, is a modern construct, the creation of Germany's Ferdinand von Richthofen, who traveled to China several times in the second half of the 19th Century
Reasons to explore
In the 15 century the europeans did many maritime routes, and there were many reasons for this.
As the Turks had invaded constantinopla (the muslims) , europeans had to pay expensive prices to trade with Asia. The europeans ,the welthy ones, love some of the products that only came from Asia , like spices as the pepper or ginger, or wearing silk, also because of the jewels like the esmerald and the rubi that came from the india.Trading was the main reason of exploration for the europeans.
Many christians believed that if they converted all the people that were no christians they could take over the non christians.
many christians went to the new territories discovered, from all the social estates, searching for a better life in those territories. In which they didnt had to work , and in which they would baceme richer.They used the natives to work for them abussing from them.
New instruments had been invented in the 15 century that make navigation easier such as the:
That were developted maps from the Portugueses that showed with exactitude all the obstacles of the coasts.
Which was a developted boat , of an crew of 30 men, that could travel longer distances , was faster than the other boats and also had cannon to protect itself.
That was an navigational and geographical instrument that showed the north the south the west and the east pointing them with needels.
Which was an navigational development which consisted of a roud pice of would attached to the ship that make easier conrolling the ship
Which was a geographical instrument that consisted on finding your position on the earth thanks to the location of the stars
PREZI ABOUT THE SPANISH AND PORTUGALS ROUTES
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the conquistadors
the conquistadors were castilian people from all social estates who travelled to the new lands that had been discovered by Cristobal Colombus , in order to look for a better life where they did not have to work.
Interview
ALICIAS SHOW
http://www.voki.com/pickup.php?scid=11299561&height=267&width=200
For tonights show,he have with us...
Hernán Cortés¡
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the conquistador of the Aztec empire¡
Yerazti, an aztecan girl who sufured the conquist¡
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Francisco Pizarro¡ The conquistador of the Inca empire¡
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http://www.voki.com/pickup.php?scid=11299443&height=267&width=200
AND ,
Huayna Cápac
¡¡¡an incan who sufered the conqist¡ the emperor¡¡¡
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interviewer- Hello, how are you?
H,F,HE,Y-Fine, thankyou.
i- today i am going to ask you about the conquist that occur after the discover of america by Cristobal Colombus.The most famous conquist, speciffictly. But first, i would like to start with Hernán Cortés and with Yerazti. Tell me, Mr Hernán, how did you managed to conquer the Aztec Impere? Are you proud of it?
HE- of course¡¡ ( laugh ) Well, amid the tumult of prophecies that warn the emperor moctezuma II of the arrival of '' white bearded men from the east '' ( laugh)within the intention to conquer the Aztec Empire, the bad omens materialized with my arrival .518 infants, 16 riders and 13 arcabuceros on the Mexican coast in 1549 after several months of battles against minor tribes on my way to the Aztec capital , made a radical decission to destroy the ships that ratted my intentions . or you were rich, or you dont return to Cuba ( laugh). From the beginning of the exploration, a group of Spaniards called - the Velázquez, for their loyalty to the gobernor of Cuba Diego de Velázquez, argued back asap and do not penetrate more in a land that was considerable dominated by the most powerful and largest empire, North America.
I proposed to go to Mexico. And that would follow me all though not wished i remember breaking ships, strong and dangerous things and great loss. On N ovember 8, 1519 began the final journey to Tenochtitlan, 400 surviving Spaniards, accompanied by 15 horses and several guns, which would be history as primarily responsible for the collapse of the Mexican state. At first glance, one might think i beleived me the modern Spartan King Leonidas, that stopped for a few days the Persian Empire at Thermoplylae accompanied by only 300 men and had planned to immolate voluntarily Huichilobos the awful ( the main deity of the Mexica ). But appearances are often deceiving my friend. You see, it was not improvising, i knew very well my advantages, i had taken note of the weakness of my gigantic enemy.
The Aztec Empire was the most powerful political formation of the continent, according to estimates, was populated by 15 million souls and controlled from the city - state of Tenochtitlan-, which flourished in the fourthteenth century. Using the military superiority of his wariors, the Aztecs and their allies established a system of domination through the payment of taxes on many peoples, especially in central Mexico, the region of Guerrero and the Gulf Coast of Mexico as well as some areas of Oxaca. I soon realized that the hatred of the oppressed peoples could be used in Spanish benefit. On my way to Tenochtitlan, the conquerors we support the Totonac native city Cempoala, which thus be freed of Aztec oppression. And after military impose other native people, the Tlaxcalans, the Spaniards ,we, incorporate our troops , thousands of warriors of this ethnic group. My plan to defeat an army that was beyond me disproportionately in number, was cemented to incorporate their hosts local soldiers. So together we formed 400 and 1300 Spaniards and 1000 Indian warriors porters, who made our way too the capital strengh. With my alliances, it can be said that the conquest of Mexico baceme, somehow, i a war of liberation against the Mexican villages Aztec rule. Besides the common hatred against terror sown by the Aztecs, I saw another sign of weakness in the imperial system and exploded to its conclusion . Moctezuma II -considered a great monarch due to its reform of the central administration and tributario- system is seduced , like snakes , for me and was yielding to his words , in many cases with veiled threats , ending captive in their own palace. My figure has since been demonized by this double political game with the candid emperor, but it should be remembered , so do the chronicles of Bernal Diazdel Castillo and Lopez de Gomara, the difficult situation in which we were Hispanic . We were in an exaggerated outnumbered, away from any base where shelter and dealing with a people that still practiced human sacrifice.Despite the growing unease our actions, Moctezuma went to my request a conciliatory speech to his people where he was recognized as a vassal of Charles I and asked render obedience to foreigners. Not surprisingly, when we planned our way out of town came news that Governor Diego Velázquez , unaware that Carlos I had given his personal approval to the company, seized on the island of Cuba my goods and organized an army consisting of 19 ships, 1,400 men, 80 horses and twenty pieces of artillery with a mission to capture me . I was forced to leave the city , along with 80 men , to face the group sent by Velázquez.After a surprise attack , I set myself to his countrymen, who also surpassed me in number by lot and was able to return months later with some reinforcements to Tenochtitlan , where I found a city in revolt against the Spaniards, who after rumors of conspiracy had ordered the death Aztecs some notable that seemed suspicious . For a few days , Europeans tried to use Montezuma to calm down , but to no avail .
Y-Moctezuma went to one of the walls of the palace to speak to his people and reassure them ; however, the angry crowd started throwing stones, one of which struck the Aztec leader of gravity during his speech. The emperor died three days later from the wound and, invoking the friendship that had begun with Cortés , asked that favored his son Chimalpopoca name after his death.
HE-Yes, thats true.
Y-In the call Noche Triste , the June 30, 1520 , Cortés and his men were forced to flee in disorder of the city, besieged by us, the Aztecs, we cause them hundreds of casualties. However , a few days after the battle of Otumba , where the Spaniards realized the military superiority of European techniques was fought .
I- And how were they able to conquer you? what were the things that make them better and sronger than you, so much powerful as to conquer you? What did you thought?
Y- Well , they were obiusly more powerfull because of many reasons.They had horrses. Horses were important because they were introducedby the Spanish, so the Americans did not know them, the closets animal we had were the Alcapas, which can only lift 50 kilos, so horses for them were really strong, who can lift more kilos. In terms of war and exploration, horses provide an extremely valuable resorce. They also had better weapons. Spanish had better weapons,Europeans have a long history in metalworking allowing the ability to create high quality swords and spears. This technology organized in the Fertile Crescent around 7000 years ago, easily travelled to Europe, but of course, never came to America. So it was cooper against steel, which cooper was worse also the conquistadors carried guns, which werent that great at the momment, but they were something new for us, so they scared us.The division of American Tribes. also affected us. The large number of tribes that existed in America also meant that there were many rivalities and confflicts between the tribes. Conquistadors were able to exploit this and hire native to flight against other Americans . For example, over 90 porcent of the Cortes army consisted of native Americans when he conquered us , as he has just said.And the last thing that make the Eropeans better, was these secret weapon, the disease. Europeans carried germs that were deadly for us. Eropeans had developted an inmunity to these deseases but also animals carried it, and we did not had any source of animals, and these desease killed 95 porcent of the population in America.... ( cries ) sorry... i just remembered the deaths of my family and friends.
I- its OK..OK. OK?
HE- And all those things as Yerezti said, led to the conquist. And thats how i, Hernán Cortés, conquered the Aztec empire¡
I- Well, thats a really interesting fact. Now Huanya, tell me, how was it for the Incas?
H-Inca mean boss, and only applied to them, not all people. The Inca was therefore the king, or emperor if he was conquering territories . The word " Quechua " is also poorly translated , it means farmland between 1000 and 3000 m in no case use it to refer to their language . The term they use to describe their language is runa- simi, or tongue of men.Pachacuti Yupanqui (1438-1471) , ninth Inca ruler , one who became the Inca Empire village . Quechuas lived north allies who shared his tongue. There was another town that grew in power and conquest : the Chanca , a confederation of tribes that had defeated the Quechua while ruling Viracocha, the eighth Inca ruler. Pessimistic about the danger , Viracocha decided to protect a high city with his son Urco , who had delegated power. But another son , Yupanqui , gathering some noble surprisingly managed to win the Chanca , defeating his boss. Viracocha , jealous, wanted to kill him, but Sepa- Inca Yupanqui was proclaimed under the new name of Pachacuti ( transformer) .PachacutiLa Legend has it that the army that formed Pachacuti was sent by the creator that transformed the stones warriors. A Pachacuti (or Pachacutec ) only lacked beat the Collas (or Aymara , located in part of what is now Bolivia ) ; the beat and also underwent tribute to all indigenous communities to the sea. In addition to conquer and pacify its territory , ruled Pachacuti , legislated and organized his people, and built a lot. It was the best of the Inca rulers. The Temple of the Sun, which symbolized the wealth and power of the Incas was rebuilt by him. In 1471 handed over power to his son after thirty years in power , conquest and construction; his son , Tupac ( Tupac ) Yupanqui annexed what is now Ecuador his empire, subjugating the fearsome Canaris , who then help the Spaniards.The last campaign Tupac Yupanqui was the conquest of Chile to the Maule river. He died in 1493. His successor was me , Huayna Capac ( " rich young virtues " ) . I had plenty to branch out as it is almost impossible faced two constraints : the Amazonian jungles east and south araucanas forests . However , I managed to preserve the hegemony of the empire , fighting insurgencies like some Quitus . I managed to get to Colombia , seizing booty turquoise after putting the tribes of the northern coasts of Ecuador.And i cant tell more, you know.
I- Francisco, tell me about your remarcable conquist, please.
F- In 1502 , I arrived at America in the expedition of Nicolas de Ovando , the new governor of Spanish .In 1508 , King Ferdinand subjected to contest the conquest of the mainland . Two new governorates were created in the lands between the ends of the Vela ( Colombia ) and Thank God ( on the border between Honduras and Nicaragua ) . The Gulf of Urabá was taken as limit of two governorates : Nueva Andalucía east , governed by Alonso de Ojeda , and Veragua west , governed by Diego de Nicuesa .In 1509 , there was an expedition commanded by degree and Mayor of Nueva Andalucía Martín Fernández de Enciso that came to the aid of his superior , Governor Alonso de Ojeda. Ojeda along with seventy men , had founded the town of San Sebastián de Urabá in Nueva Andalucía , where after the city of Cartagena de Indias would rise ; However , near the hotel there were many warlike Indians who used poisonous weapons, and Ojeda was wounded leg. Soon after, Ojeda was removed on a boat to the Spanish , leaving the property in my charge , which at that time was not more than a soldier awaiting the arrival of the expedition Enciso . Ojeda asked me to stay with a few men for fifty days in the village, or that otherwise will use all means to return to the Spanish .I participated in the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda who explored Central America and Colombia ( 1510 ) and then in the Vasco Nunez de Balboa culminating in the discovery of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean later ) in 1513 .In January 1519, I arrested Vasco Nunez de Balboa in order of Pedro Arias de Avila, governor of Castilla de Oro. From 1519-1523 , I was encomendero and mayor of Panama . Almagro 's economic situation and mine was loose . I was one of the inhabitants of Panama less affluent , as the case of the famous hired to discover Peru reached , both partners could not put anything other than your personal industry and experience.
With the surrender of Toledo, 1529, signed by Isabel de Portugal with the authority of King Charles I, domain rights over the area of Peru that had explored five years earlier. The territory than my going from the Santiago River (Río de Tempula) in Colombia, to Cuzco.In 1532 sailed from Panama City with 180 soldiers and landed near Tumbes, in what is now Peru and then part of the Inca empire called Tawantinsuyu and stretched from Colombia to Chile with a population of 12 million people. had interests of territorial conquest, as it had permission from the King of Spain Carlos I to do, and accumulation of gold, which would deliver a portion of the King of Spain. For the Inca gold was linked more sacred than economic. The Incas believed that one day God Viracocha return from the land of the rising sun, a god who had white beard and green eyes and gone across the Pacific Ocean to return in times of great need. The burial chambers of the Mochica Indians, Lords of Sipan, who had lived in the area 500 years before, had large amounts of gold and silver that the Incas did not narrate it to the Spaniards but they found some on your route. The Spaniards found ourselves often ruins of the Moche, where we sought shelter at night. We seek and find food to cook potatoes. They found some small figures of gold and native guides promised to take us in search of the kingdom of Atahualpa.Atahualpa knew he had arrived and I went to his kingdom and spies Inca king followed the route being advised from my distances with mirrors. The tayanes Indians had told Atahualpa that the Spanish were gods , because his white skin , their beards , their shining armor and large ships had come in from the Pacific Ocean.Atahualpa believed these reports that the Spaniards were gods and took it for a good omen. Then the area lived a civil war for succession Inca emperor Huayna Capac died of smallpox. There was a clash between their successors, the Sapa Inca Atahualpa and his brother Huascar.I was invited by Atahualpa to meet the Inca fortress of Cajamarca , through a very close friend to him outfall. The envoy met with the Spanish in addition to lead Boxes and gifts ( skinned duck shaped vessels strength , etc. ) measured the forces of Spanish and invited me to continue their march through the valley of Chancay , near the village of Chongoyape to Cajamarca to meet with Atahualpa. I agreed and sent a thin shirt Holland and two glasses of glass Inca as a gift. So , I went into Inca territory with 168 soldiers and 37 horses , I went to Cajamarca.The Spaniards, on reaching the Incas cores we saw that it was an advanced civilization with irrigation systems, a rich culture and a powerful army. Upon reaching the strength of Cajamarca is found almost empty, and explore restless fearing an ambush. However Atahualpa was in a nearby spring with her sister without worrying at all by our presence. Atahualpa wanted to talk to so I sent emissaries. The meeting took place between the king and my envoys was very tense. Atahualpa and his men put on their best clothes in the reception and had a serious pose. The Incas had never seen horses, so that the Spaniards decided to stay in our saddles and encabritarlos and make neighing in the presence of the Inca monarch. Atahualpa responded drinking the skull of an executed prisoner. Subsequently, offered golden bowls Spaniards we drank. Finally, he promised to go to Cajamarca the following day to meet with me.The explorers had counted at least 30,000 Inca warriors, so start a military conquest would be impossible. On the night of November 16, 1532 pray thinking it would be the last time. A morning siguientenos prepare for battle and hid in a courtyard to wait. Later, came thousands of unarmed Inca soldiers and surrounded us. Then came a parade of hundreds of servants clearing the way for passage of King Atahualpa, who was raised on a golden throne surrounded by their leaders. Then the chaplain of the Spaniards approached the throne with a cross and a Bible and asked the King to retract his pagan beliefs and accept baptism and the authority of the King of Spain Carlos I. Atahualpa took the Bible, examined without understanding anything put and threw down, which was interpreted as blasphemy by the Spanish and ordered to open fire. The Spaniards then we get our special swords and started a massacre and took prisoner Atahualpa (16 November 1532).He was confined in a room Cajamarca with his three wives and let him continue driving their affairs of government. I also did the Inca Atahualpa learn the Spanish language and made him learn to read and write. Thus, it was possible to communicate with the Inca king, informing me of sites where there is gold. In addition, games played board games with the Indian king. my men undertook explorations in search of the precious metal. In one of them got to meet the fortress of Sacsayhuaman, where groups of Incas resisted the Spanish. The Spaniards attacked and conquered the fortress. In our expeditions the Spaniards found deserts, salt and even eastward explored in the Amazon jungle.To create a closer link Atahualpa offered me his favorite sister in marriage, Quispe Sisa, daughter of the Inca emperor Huayna Capac. I did baptize as Inés Huaylas and had two children with her: a first daughter called like me, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and Gonzalo, who died young. I kept a close alliance with the nobility of Cuzco, in favor of Huascar, which allowed him to complete the conquest of Peru. After naming a brother of Inca Atahualpa, Tupac Hualpa, went to Cuzco, capital of the Inca Empire, which held in November 1533. His brother John was appointed alderman of the city.
I- Well, that is very sexists, and nowadays we do not approve that, but continue.Woman are free.
F- Atahualpa asked me to fill the room where he was imprisoned, known Ransom Room, twice, once with gold and one silver in exchange for his freedom, which I accepted. The subjects brought gold on fire for three months to Cajamarca from all parts of the kingdom to save his life. They finally managed to gather 84 tons of gold and 164 plata.10 I ordered the execution of Atahualpa, while imprisoned. Despite having received the highest in history rescue, I sent ajusticiar night July 26, 1533 on charges of rebellion, polygamy, worship of false idols and for having ordered the execution of Huascar. In addition, it was believed that he had sent an army to fight against the Spaniards from the south to the north commanded by General Calcuchimac. He was offered being burned alive or converted to Christianity and being strangled and chose strangulation. He was strangled in the post, after the priest to baptize him giving the Christian name of Francisco. That night thousands of subjects Atahualpa killed themselves to follow their lord to another world.On January 18, 1535, I founded the city on the coast of the Kings, soon known as Lima and Trujillo, bringing the effective colonization of the conquered territories began. Meanwhile, my brother Hernando, who had gone to Spain to deliver the Fifth King to the crown, returned carrying the title of Marquis for me, and the advance to Almagro, which had been granted 200 miles south of the territory attributed to me.Almagro, considering that Cuzco was within its jurisdiction dismissed Juan Pizarro and imprisoned with his brother Gonzalo. I went from Lima and signed an agreement with Almagro in Cuzco, after which Almagro left for Chile.Back from his unsuccessful expedition, Almagro is reoccupy Cuzco, which defended by their ruler Hernando Pizarro, was resisting a long siege by the Incas rebels commanded by Manco Inca, who had managed to escape the Spanish.Meanwhile I in Lima also suffered the siege of the city by Quizu Yupanqui, general and relative of Manco Inca, who after being about to take the capital was killed in battle. The my victory in Lima due to its strategic alliance with the ethnic lords enemies of the Incas. In this particular case I emphasized the alliance with the chief of Huaylas. These came to Lima with five thousand men, who fought with the Spaniards in the defense of Lima against the fence and attack Quizu Yupanqui.After the arrival of Almagro to Cuzco, Manco Inca lifted the siege, which took Almagro to imprison Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. After defeating the lieutenant of Pizarro, Alonso de Alvarado, in Rota Abanday, reach a new agreement with Pizarro in Mala (1537), whereby Hernando is released.Peace was short and both sides face again in the battle of Salinas (1538), near Cuzco. The almagristas are defeated and Diego de Almagro prosecuted, sentenced to death and executed by Hernando Pizarro in the Plaza Mayor of Cuzco (July 8, 1538).After the death of Almagro, Pizarro set about consolidating the colony and encourage settlement activities (sends his brother Gonzalo Quito and Pedro de Valdivia in Chile)However, supporters of his son Almagro Almagro the Younger, who gathered around, under the command of Juan de Rada enter my residence in Lima to kill the June 26, 1541 of a thrust in the neck.
I- so basicly In 1531 ,you set out to conquer the Inca Empire , which was very weak because of an epidemic and , above all, recent internal struggles for the throne. This explains why, although it was accompanied by a few men ,you could seize Atahualpa , the new Inca , who offered you a huge treasure in exchange for his freedom. You accepted the proposal , but once obtained these riches , you ordered his execution . Later, with the help of some people who were subject to the Inca domination , the conquerors advanced to Cuzco , the capital of the Empire, and then besiege , entered the city in triumph . Having secured the conquest of the land of the Incas, the Spanish organized several expeditions to subdue the south of the American continent.And you also participated in the conquest of Peru Diego de Almagro.
F- yes, thats it.
I- thankyou very much for coming, see you in the next inteview here, in Alicia's News SHOW, and today we are going to end our show with an especial gest, Macaco, with his new song, a big applause for him ¡¡¡
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travels through the sea
cristobal colon:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csCexDC-udA
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ARTICLE
Good explorer, good sailor, but not a good governor
In America werent any cities constructed, so Colon had to found new cities.But it was very difficult, because the indians could rebel or they could choose a wrong place to assert the city.Like with '' La Nueva Isabella '' , that he had to move. You sume to this the desseases... Many people wanted tu return to the Iberian Peninsula , but few of them could survive.In order to the bad governation of Colon, many people started rebeling, until Colon tried to solve the situation bribing them, and more people started rebeling themselves.
Judge in ''Santo Domingo''
In 1500 Francisco De Bobadilla, went as a detectivve to America, to investigate about the business , as an expeditional way.
He proclaimed himself emperor, sent executions, gave money, and deserted the Colons, telling them that they could not return.The Catholic monarchs sent him to destroy Colon with an enough quantity of money , and thats what he did.After being judged, Francisco died in a shipwreck and his accusations with him.Colon was sended again to the Iberrian Peninsula and was punished without proofs by the Ctholic Monarchs.
The charges against the governor
Isabelle Aguirre found 35 shits in which all the questions that the witnesses were submitted, of Colons judgement, were written.
The first question consisted in if Colon had tried to rebel himself against the crown, that was not the case. The second question refer to the religion, on the way he applied the sacraments.All the witnesses confirmed that Colon prohibitted the sacraments, and threated the clergy to not to baptise the indians, to get control over them.The third question refered to how Colon made the judges. He preffered that the rebels died befor being judged.Executed because of seelling bread in the market, comnvened Fray Juan to wear shackless because of wanting to make justice complainning to the kings,,,etc
And for his defence, Colon said that if they sent the processes to the peninsula, it would take too long to arrive.A completely desaster.
A rarefied atmosphere
Impart justice was complicated, the Colons were diying of hunger , they were very corrupted, and punished harshly, to all the rebelsmotivated because of the people that said that Colon was going to be destruct.Colon, that wasant brave enough to punish the people in person, had many intermediantes, that were incharge of killing. They also punished harshly the sodonia. The three brothers lost themselves with the angry.Some punishments were justificated but others werent event fair.
Ruthless and greedy
Colons Witnesses claimed that the settlers tried to abuse and savagely punished without reason , unable to control the situation. And his worst quality , it was greed , money , for ejemplono distribute food to resell with predatory pricing, for pagarutilizaba exclavos , Indian and cristianoscondenados . El24 August 1500 , Bobadilla arrived in Santo Domingo and the first thing he saw was two nooses hung with Christians , and his visit was justified , although the performance of Bobadilla was exorbitant .
Colombus miths
In most countries of the American continent , every October 12 is celebrated the "Day of the Race" , also known as " Columbus Day " or even " Columbus Day " . Very special day , because in different regions of the continent different events unfold , we speak of the "discovery of America" and : either live as a single day of the year or talk all day about the big lie of Christopher Columbus .The truth is that a lot, but really a lot of the talk about Columbus , is most exaggerated or pure hoax , a picturesque myth that lasted for years. Know some of the biggest myths about Christopher Columbus incredibly , still they hold today. Pay close attention ... perhaps in the coming days have to correct your teachers .
- Columbus did not try to prove that the Earth was round
The myth that Columbus wanted to prove that the Earth was round (not flat as the church authorities argued that defended creationism ) is the most common and frequent to talk about this personality , but the truth is that deep historical research has shown that this is fake. The fact that the Earth was not flat but round , it was learned thousands of years ago when several personalities of Ancient Greece ( Pythagoras, Aristotle and Eratosthenes , among others) mentioned in numerous writings .In fact, only Columbus underestimated the circumference of the planet , he believed that Europe was much larger than it actually was and that Japan was much farther from China than it really was, thinking that if he sailed westward , would to Asia. Colón just got lucky ...
As we saw when we talk about the many myths about the Vikings , one of the most spectacular and wonderful cultural groups that existed, these real experts of navigation were the first to arrive from Europe to America . They did long before Columbus and returned to Europe ( without appropriating anything).
The lies and misconceptions about the voyages of Columbus come to the point that there are even mistakes regarding the names of the navigations. What we always said is that these were : the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria . The truth is that in the fifteenth century Spain , traditionally ships were called saints and only Saint Mary kept its official name. La Niña and La Pinta was the nickname sailors gave Santa Clara , while the real name of the Pinta was lost.
should not be well to believe that a person may discover a continent where millions of people lived for thousands of years , they formed huge civilizations and cultures unique in history. As I mentioned , there is ample scientific evidence that the Vikings had reached this continent long before and the only place where Columbus landed ( believing he had reached Asia ), was the archipelago of the Bahamas.
Christopher Columbus was a stubborn guy who got lucky , but neither lasted long . He died at age 54 in Spain , poor and unknown , in a pigsty of Valladolid , after being detained for weeks by the Spanish Crown on charges of tyranny and brutality against indigenous peoples . In later form , he refused the gains claimed by " his discoveries " and had already promised my namesake King Ferdinand and Isabella .
Years later, his heirs demanded compensation to the royal crown and there were even several lawsuits , known as the Columbian lawsuits.
Some videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iZfXTqpzYYthis video talks about the miths:
this video is not very nnice:
Colons Day
The second Monday of October everyone in the United States enjoy a day off , free from school and work, thanks to Columbus Day or Columbus Day.But the real significance of this date has been lost over the years. There are even those looking to be left to celebrate his controversial connotation. Why?
The October 12, 1492 Christopher Columbus , Italian navigator and explorer , reached the shores of the American continent with the three caravels (ancient craft ) called the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria . This would be the date officially taken as the discovery of America , which would result in the merger of cultures between Americans and Europeans who came to settle in the " new continent " natives.
In some cities in the United States Columbus Day , which has also been named as Columbus Day in honor of Hispanic Heritage , held parades are alluding to the conquest of America , and in New York , where about 35,000 people They march showing allusive and representative of the festival floats clothing.
It is also a date on which the Italian community in the United States celebrate their heritage through parades , meetings and special events.
In recent times , the celebration of Columbus Day ( Columbus Day or Columbus Day ) has been considered a questionable holiday because it exalts the arrival of invading the American continent and for some represents the plundering and murder of natives of Europeans who then settled in their land under the pretext of having " discovered" a continent that already had developed a number of cultures for centuries.
In any case , the fate of America and its inhabitants would have been very different if that visionary Christopher Columbus had not dreamed of a new route to India, if I had not believed that the world was round and there was still new ground discovered. For though Columbus never knew he came to America , their journey became our society where we are today, a great mix of cultures and races.
parade
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colombus diary and his ideals
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The famous Age of Discovery of the XV- XVI centuries served to advance significantly in the technological and cultural fields , demystifying and correcting many of the errors that were maintained over the long centuries of the Middle Ages. However , the old prejudices did not disappear immediately. Columbus took on his travels , including his illusions of trade and navigation innovative theories , many of these prejudices , some of which triggered a new mythology of the New World .
As is known , Columbus represents well the model of modern man. Like other men of his time , Admiral paradigmatically combines the mentality of the scientist, as questions and investigates the knowledge he possesses, the businessman , in that precise practicality to carry out their project.
Travel Notebooks Colon demonstrate his eagerness to read and how to put their knowledge to the service of his expedition to India. However , simultaneously , Columbus is the victim of a series of performances that will link with tradition of the medieval past with the new times. The combination , then, of criteria prosecute scientific knowledge (and updated ) with mythical or erroneous readings elements as training results in a curious mix of innovation and tradition that characterizes Christopher Columbus.
By historical relevance of his "discovery " (We agree that more accurately should talk about "meeting" ) , the figure of Columbus has been so hyped that somehow has become a mythical figure . Some news that grassroots know about Columbus are simply false . For example, the fact that Columbus was traveling to demonstrate the roundness of the Earth is a fallacy that starts from the biography he wrote with romantic overtones Washington Irving and film has recently disseminated among the public across the board.
Travel Notebooks Columbus show through training, and so we appreciate what Columbus writes critically and modern, almost humanistic spirit. Here we cited his lectures on natural science and geography, travel books and the Bible. Among the first Ptolemy his reading (in the Latin version of one of its commentators), which corrects even on occasion, and the Natural History of Pliny, quoted many times. Besides these books, which were obviously classics in time of Columbus, the admiral had read with interest the Historia rerum locate gestarum Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) and Imago mundi Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly (Petrus Alliaco) -both authors of the fifteenth century, as evidenced by the nearly 1800 Columbus made notes in the margins of respective units. As for travel books, chronicling Marco Polo must have been one of the favorite books of Columbus. Reading notes he made in his copy shows that Marco Polo is the source that knows what can depararle his journey to the East, which is the most expensive and extraordinary business and to establish which areas are higher and vicissitudes danger. When would check it out there ...
Nothing set foot on land, the Admiral is trying to find where he is . In his description of the first people he meets, Columbus refers specifically to skin color :
Thursday, 12 of octobre of 1492: "Ellos andan todos desnudos como su madre los parió, y también las mujeres, aunque no vide más de una farto moça, y todos los que yo vi eran mançebos, que ninguno vide de edad de más de XXX años, muy bien hechos, de muy fermosos cuerpos y muy buenas caras, (...) d'ellos son de color de los canarios, ni negros ni blancos..."
The color of these Indians must have been for Columbus one of the first signs to settle , then he should know Ptolemy 's comments that the further south are more black residents. The fact of skin color is like a test that is not found in the southern hemisphere. Here it almost gives the first reference thereof. Columbus insisted until the end of his fourth voyage to consider who had come to India , although a little crowded place. Actually , they should be Taino , that " the linguist are peoples of Arawak language , related to the indigenous people of Venezuela " . In this first contact, clearly it shows that the errors committed by Columbus think that is in the East (ie , in the land of the Great Khan , according to his reading of Marco Polo) are accentuated by communication problems :
Martes, 30 de octubre de 1492: "Los indios que ivan en la caravela Pinta dixeron que detrás de aquel cabo avía un río y del río a Cuba avía cuatro jornadas; y dixo el capitán de la Pinta que entendía que esta Cuba era çiudad y que aquella tierra era firme muy grande, que va mucho al Norte, y qu'el rey de aquella tierra tenía guerra con el Gran Can, al cual ellos llamaban Cami, y a su tierra o ciudad, Faba y otros muchos nombres"
Without doubt, the voice that used Cami indigenous -here perhaps castellanizada- was associated by Admiral Gran Can the voice . Given the problems of communication with the Indians of strange and difficult language, Columbus was the victim of more than a misunderstanding marked by prejudice available to your mind or imagination. There is another no less significant place :
Jueves, 1 de noviembre de 1492: "El Almirante no vido a alguno d'ellos oro, pero dize el Almirante que vido a uno d'ellos un pedaço de plata labrado colgado a la nariz, que tuvo por señal que en la tierra avía plata. Dixeron por señas que antes de tres días vernían muchos mercaderes de la tierra dentro a comprar de las cosas que allí llevan los cristianos y darían nuevas del rey de aquella tierra, el cual, según se pudo entender por las señas de davan, qu'estava de allí cuatro jornadas, porque ellos avían enbiado muchos por toda la tierra a le hazer saber el Almirante. 'Esta gente' dize el Almirante, (...) 'Toda la lengua también es una y todos amigos, y creo que sean todas esta islas, y que tengan guerra con el Gran Chan, a que ellos llaman Cavila y a la poblaçion Bafan. Y así andan también desnudos como los otros"
Another of the most surprising and curious of the Journal of Travel Columbus points is how the Admiral believed and feared an encounter with characters as impossible as the " Maneater " and " Man- Dog " . Old myths that get timely transpasar limit the Middle Ages. Again the readings that Columbus had before travel arise and visions materialize fully justified . In his notebooks we read that he has found " Maneater "
Cuarto viaje: "[Reino de Dragoyam]... gallinas muy grandes y la pluma como lana vide hartas; leones, cierbos, corços y otro tanto y assí aves. Cuando yo andava por aquella mar en fatiga, en algunos se puso heregía que estávamos enfechizados, que oy día está en ello. Otra gente fallé, que comían hombres: la desformidad de su gesto lo dice..."
Marco Polo had warned him of the danger. He read here :
"Cuando los habitantes de aquella región capturan a algún extranjero, si no pueden pagar rescate, lo matan y se lo comen"
And Columbus had written in the margin : "comen a los hombres"
Elsewhere, Marco Polo also warns:
" [ Kingdom of Suguy ] are most cruel men greatly. When you kill an enemy in combat , drink his blood and eat his blood"
And Columbus notes in the margin : " comen carne humana"
Equally to men - dog : sometimes Colón is predicted not to fall into this danger :
Domingo, 4 de noviembre de 1492: "El comandante de la Pinta dixo que avía hallado árboles de canela. Fue el Almirante luego allá y halló que no eran. Mostró el Almirante a unos indios de allí canela y pimienta, parez que de la que llevava de Castilla para muestra, y cognosciéronla, diz que, y dixeron por señas que cerca de allí avía mucho de aquello al camino del Sueste. Mostróles oro y perlas y respondieron ciertos viejos que en un lugar que llamaron Bohío avía infinito y que lo traían al cuello y a las orejas y a los braços y a las piernas, y también perlas. Endendió más, que dezían que avía naos grandes y mercaderías, y todo esto era al Sueste. Entendió también que lexos de allí avía hombres de un ojo y otros con hoçicos de perros que comían hombres, y que en tomando uno lo degollavan y le bevían la sengre y le cortavan su natura (...) Dize más el Almirante: 'Esta gente es muy mansa y muy temerosa, desnuda como tengo dicho, sin armas y sin ley"
Lunes, 26 de noviembre de 1492: "Toda la gente que hasta oy a hallado diz que tiene grandísimo temor de los de Caniba o Canima [sc. can], y dizen que biven en esta isla de Bohío, la cual debe de ser muy grande, según le pareçe, y cree que van a tomar a aquellos a sus tierras y casas, como sean muy cobardes y no saber de armas; y a esta causa le parece que aquellos indios que traía no suelen poblarse a la costa de la mar, por ser vezinos a esta tierra, los cuales diz que después que le vieron tomar la buelta d'esta tierra no podían hablar, temiendo que los avían de comer, y no les podía quitar el temor, y dezían que no tenían sino un ojo y la cara de perro; y creía el Almirante que mentían, y sentía el Almirante que devían de ser del señorío del Gran Can que los captibavan"
In the stories of the Colón trips Indies has read this reference to werewolves :
"Más allá [en la India] encontramos los bosques poblados por los enormes Cabezas de perro ('Cinocéfalos'), que trataban de atacarnos y huían ante los disparos de flechas"
And the notes from his reading of Marco Polo demonstrate that Columbus has news of "man- dog " in India :
"En esta región [en el reino de Lambri] hay una cosa muy de maravillar: existen muchso hombres que tienen cola como los perros, de un palmo de longitud; estos hombres con rabo no habitan en las ciudades, sino en los montes. Hay también muchos unicornios y otros muchos animales a maravilla"
Similarly fearing men - dog fears the unicorn , animal really "known" in the Middle Ages , of Columbus also had news and feared as a true wild monster. The admiral had news of it by Pliny , although probably not only because the fame of this bug was spread even by hagiographic stories, as evidenced , for example , the Life of Barlaam and Josaphat , where subtitled story included "Man and the Unicorn " originally from an ancient oriental tradition. But again Marco Polo had warned him of the danger :
"Después se encuentra la provincia de Mien, que confina con la India al mediodía, a través de la cual se va durante xv jornadas por lugares salvajes y boscosos donde abundan los elefantes, unicornios y otras fieras salvajes sin cuento; y no hay allí ningún poblado"
"El reino de Bosman tiene lengua propia. Los hombres son muy bestiales; dicen que están sometidos al Gran Kan, pero no le rinden tributo. Sin embargo, alguna vez le envían joyas de animales salvajes. Hay allí unicornios muy grandes, que son poco menores que elefantes. El unicornio tiene pelo de búfalo, cara parecida a la del elefante y cabeza como el jabalí, que siempre lleva inclinada hacia el suelo; hace su cubil con preferencia en lodazales y es animal muy sucio. En medio de su frente sobresale un único cuerno, muy grueso y negro; tiene la lengua espinosa, erizada de grandes y gruesas púas, con las que causa muchas heridas a hombres y animales"
Although his grades Columbus proves to have knowledge of the unicorn, the animal, however, he is not comes into view on his trip to India. It was in the time of Columbus when the existence of the unicorn began to be seriously put into question, until gradually fell into discredit one of the most famous medieval myths. Between October and December 1991 in Salamanca could visit an exhibition entitled "The Century of Fray Luis de Leon. Salamanca and the Renaissance" in which it made clear that a long, sharp, spiral horn (bone 173x5,5cm .) was a narwhal tooth, a cetacean North Seas. Until the new technology of the XV-XVI centuries did more or less regular sea voyages across the Atlantic could not be verified that the horn owned pharmacies famous or lucky princes was not so, but the tooth of a narwhal. The exhibition catalog says: "[narwhal tooth] attributed to him, until the seventeenth century, supernatural properties and used to treat the most varied diseases; to concerse originally lost its high reputation". How they would not believe the existence of the unicorn if even those men who had possessed his horn? It is easy to find in medieval literature the fascination of seeing a unicorn, for which special conditions were required. Not everyone, therefore, had the good fortune to contemplate.
In fact, the Middle Ages was full of fantastic animals . Bestiaries , with collections of pictures and news about animals such , maintained the reality of such fiction, probably until the end of the Middle Ages , that is , again until technical developments allow greater permeability to nearby but unknown and mythical lands in Africa and Asia. Gradually, the bestiary happened to be only catalogs of fantastic animals , when they were books that shared his authority with natural sciences treaties before.
But they will not only " cheated " his lectures on geography and science. Besides Columbus believed to have come to Paradise described in the Bible , one of the most recurrent among Notebooks Travel and best studied subjects. Upon arrival and have the impression that it is a heavenly place :
12 de octubre de 1492: "Puestos en tierra vieron árboles muy verdes y aguas muchas y frutas de diversas maneras"
References to Paradise are continuous in the Handbook, and sometimes suspect that Columbus believed in this place :
Tercer Viaje: "Grandes indiçios son estos del Paraíso Terrenal, proqu'el sitio es conforme a la opinión d'estos sanctos e sacros theólogos. Y asimismo las señales son muy conformes, que yo jamás leí ni oí que tanta cantidad de agua dulçe fuese así adentro e vezina con la salda; y en ello ayuda asimismo la suavíssima temperançia. Y si de allí del Paraíso no sale, pareçe aún mayor maravilla, porque no creo que se sepa en el mundo de río tan grande y tan fondo"
But however much they want to say, Columbus reached no firm belief that those lands were literally treading the biblical Paradise :
Tercer Viaje: "Ya dixe lo que yo hallava d'este hemisperio y de la hechura, y creo que si yo passara por debaxo de la linea equinoçial, que en llegando allí en esto más alto, que fallara muy mayor temperançia y diversidad en las estrellas y en las aguas, no porque yo crea que allí, adonde es el altura del estremo, sea navegable, ni <a>gua, ni que se pueda subir allá; porque creo que allí es el Paraíso terrenal, adonde no puede llegar nadie salvo por voluntad divina"
This description , along with many others in his notebooks , matching the description of the Bible in Genesis (especially , 2, 9-13) . As he says , the most notable authorities have located Paradise in the East; but also he knows the descriptions of Marco Polo , who had known in India as a Paradise. As we see here , it is likely that Columbus used the issue of the location of Paradise as another argument to locate his expedition on the right track , as it traditionally thought in India. However , these arguments were developed largely by later chroniclers , to the point that gave rise to new "myths of discovery " as the Dorado , in that Paradise is closely related , and Amazon , which Bernardo de Balbuena came to power, " contemplate "
"Llegaron a tierra donde no vieron hombres, sino muchas mujeres, que los indios llaman Cuña Atenare, que quiere decir 'mugeres varoniles', y los christianos Amazonas. Estas tienen las tetas derechas chicas como los hombres con artificio, de modo que no crecen, para fijar las flechas, y las esquierdas largas como otras mugeres. Están armadas como los indios. Su reina se llama Cuña Muchú, que quiere decir 'muger' o 'señora grande', estava entonces en una isla del río"
When you finally realize that land by Christopher Columbus found the New World is taken , pens run scholars to justify neither the Scriptures nor the classical scholars and theologians of the Church fathers were confused in their claims. José de Acosta (1540-1600) significantly titled one of the chapters of his Natural and Moral History of the Indies , " the reason that took Augustine to deny the antipodes ; " In the opinion of the New World he had carca Aristotle, and what deceived him to deny " That is in the former any news of this New World " ; etc. Thus, errors that amended other errors were derived first .
Extra work
IMAGES ARE VERY HARMFULL AND NOT VERY NICE, WITH A LOT OF VIOLENCE, SO THERE WONT BE ANY HAMRFULL FOTOS
The inquisition
The Middle Ages was the golden age of the torturers and imagination in the service thereof, and overflowing to worsen to the fullest, in ventando the best and most practical means of torture
In many cases, torturers used to help animals in their torture , this is the case of the method of the goat, not missing any in the dungeons of European medieval castles. The victim 's legs were put in a trap , so it was impossible for the movement , and then smeared her feet with fat or salt. The goat began to lick with force and harshness of his tongue up the skin of the feet of the victim, causing terrible pain .
In ancient China and it records the torment of the rat did , although it was in the medieval West where he established himself . in this torture , he was placed on the abdomen of the victim at its base an open cage. Inside the rat that came to be disturbed by the torturers was primarily fire . The animal , terrified looking for ways to escape and ended up digging a tunnel into the bowels of the victim.
battles
WHO SAID IT WAS BORRING
ADVISE:
THESE IS FICTION, THIS ARE NOT THE REAL EVENT THAT OCCUR EXACLTY, IT IS A COMEDIUM REPRESENTATION OF WHAT HAPPENED
hope you like it :)